SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Data modeling</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Data modeling</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li>

<li><a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li>

<li><a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Data modeling</b> in <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> is the process of creating a <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> for an <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a> by applying certain formal techniques. It may be applied as part of broader <a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a> (MDE) concept.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Data modeling is a <a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">process</a> used to define and analyze data <a href="Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a> needed to support the <a href="Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a> within the scope of corresponding information systems in organizations. Therefore, the process of data modeling involves professional data modelers working closely with business stakeholders, as well as potential users of the information system.

</p><p>There are three different types of data models produced while progressing from requirements to the actual database to be used for the information system.<sup id="cite_ref-RS001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data requirements are initially recorded as a <a href="Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">conceptual data model</a> which is essentially a set of technology independent specifications about the data and is used to discuss initial requirements with the business stakeholders. The <a href="Conceptual_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual modeling">conceptual model</a> is then translated into a <a href="Logical_data_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical data model">logical data model</a>, which documents structures of the data that can be implemented in databases. Implementation of one conceptual data model may require multiple logical data models. The last step in data modeling is transforming the logical data model to a <a href="Physical_data_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical data model">physical data model</a> that organizes the data into tables, and accounts for access, performance and storage details. Data modeling defines not just data elements, but also their structures and the relationships between them.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Data modeling techniques and methodologies are used to model data in a standard, consistent, predictable manner in order to manage it as a resource. The use of data modeling standards is strongly recommended for all projects requiring a standard means of defining and analyzing data within an organization, e.g., using data modeling:

</p>

<ul><li>to assist business analysts, programmers, testers, manual writers, IT package selectors, engineers, managers, related organizations and clients to understand and use an agreed-upon semi-formal model that encompasses the concepts of the organization and how they relate to one another</li>

<li>to manage data as a resource</li>

<li>to integrate information systems</li>

<li>to design databases/<a href="Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouses</a> (aka data repositories)</li></ul>

<p>Data modelling may be performed during various types of projects and in multiple phases of projects. Data models are progressive; there is no such thing as the final data model for a business or application. Instead, a data model should be considered a living document that will change in response to a changing business. The data models should ideally be stored in a repository so that they can be retrieved, expanded, and edited over time. <a href="Jeffrey_L._Whitten" title="Jeffrey L. Whitten">Whitten</a> et al. (2004) determined two types of data modelling:<sup id="cite_ref-WBD04_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBD04-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Strategic data modelling: This is part of the creation of an information systems strategy, which defines an overall vision and architecture for information systems. <a href="Information_technology_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology engineering">Information technology engineering</a> is a methodology that embraces this approach.</li>

<li>Data modelling during systems analysis: In <a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">systems analysis</a> logical data models are created as part of the development of new databases.</li></ul>

<p>Data modelling is also used as a technique for detailing business <a href="Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a> for specific <a href="Database" title="Database">databases</a>. It is sometimes called <i>database modelling</i> because a <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> is eventually implemented in a database.<sup id="cite_ref-WBD04_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBD04-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_models">Data models</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></div>

<p>Data models provide a framework for <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> to be used within <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a> by providing specific definitions and formats. If a data model is used consistently across systems then compatibility of data can be achieved. If the same data structures are used to store and access data then different applications can share data seamlessly. The results of this are indicated in the diagram. However, systems and interfaces are often expensive to build, operate, and maintain. They may also constrain the business rather than support it. This may occur when the quality of the data models implemented in systems and interfaces is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-MW99_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some common problems found in data models are:

</p>

<ul><li>Business rules, specific to how things are done in a particular place, are often fixed in the structure of a data model. This means that small changes in the way business is conducted lead to large changes in computer systems and interfaces. So, business rules need to be implemented in a flexible way that does not result in complicated dependencies, rather the data model should be flexible enough so that changes in the business can be implemented within the data model in a relatively quick and efficient way.</li>

<li>Entity types are often not identified, or are identified incorrectly. This can lead to replication of data, data structure and functionality, together with the attendant costs of that duplication in development and maintenance. Therefore, data definitions should be made as explicit and easy to understand as possible to minimize misinterpretation and duplication.</li>

<li>Data models for different systems are arbitrarily different. The result of this is that complex interfaces are required between systems that share data. These interfaces can account for between 25 and 70% of the cost of current systems. Required interfaces should be considered inherently while designing a data model, as a data model on its own would not be usable without interfaces within different systems.</li>

<li>Data cannot be shared electronically with customers and suppliers, because the structure and meaning of data have not been standardised. To obtain optimal value from an implemented data model, it is very important to define standards that will ensure that data models will both meet business needs and be consistent.<sup id="cite_ref-MW99_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual,_logical_and_physical_schemas">Conceptual, logical and physical schemas</h3></div>

<p>In 1975 <a href="American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> described three kinds of data-model <i>instance</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">Conceptual schema</a>: describes the semantics of a domain (the scope of the model). For example, it may be a model of the interest area of an organization or of an industry. This consists of entity classes, representing kinds of things of significance in the domain, and relationship assertions about associations between pairs of entity classes. A conceptual schema specifies the kinds of facts or propositions that can be expressed using the model. In that sense, it defines the allowed expressions in an artificial "language" with a scope that is limited by the scope of the model. Simply described, a conceptual schema is the first step in organizing the data requirements.</li>

<li><a href="Logical_schema" title="Logical schema">Logical schema</a>: describes the structure of some domain of information. This consists of descriptions of (for example) tables, columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags. The logical schema and conceptual schema are sometimes implemented as one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-RS001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Physical_schema" title="Physical schema">Physical schema</a>: describes the physical means used to store data. This is concerned with partitions, CPUs, <a href="Tablespace" title="Tablespace">tablespaces</a>, and the like.</li></ul>

<p>According to ANSI, this approach allows the three perspectives to be relatively independent of each other. Storage technology can change without affecting either the logical or the conceptual schema. The table/column structure can change without (necessarily) affecting the conceptual schema. In each case, of course, the structures must remain consistent across all schemas of the same data model.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_modeling_process">Data modeling process</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></div>

<p>In the context of <a href="Business_process_modeling#Business_process_integration" title="Business process modeling">business process integration</a> (see figure), data modeling complements <a href="Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">business process modeling</a>, and ultimately results in database generation.<sup id="cite_ref-SS93_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS93-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The process of designing a database involves producing the previously described three types of schemas – conceptual, logical, and physical. The database design documented in these schemas is converted through a <a href="Data_Definition_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Definition Language">Data Definition Language</a>, which can then be used to generate a database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes (descriptions) for every entity within it. The term "database design" can describe many different parts of the design of an overall <a href="Database_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database system">database system</a>. Principally, and most correctly, it can be thought of as the logical design of the base data structures used to store the data. In the <a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational model</a> these are the <a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">tables</a> and <a href="View_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="View (database)">views</a>. In an <a href="Object_database" title="Object database">object database</a> the entities and relationships map directly to object classes and named relationships. However, the term "database design" could also be used to apply to the overall process of designing, not just the base data structures, but also the forms and queries used as part of the overall database application within the <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">Database Management System</a> or DBMS.

</p><p>In the process, system <a href="Interface_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (computer science)">interfaces</a> account for 25% to 70% of the development and support costs of current systems. The primary reason for this cost is that these systems do not share a <a href="Common_data_model" title="Common data model">common data model</a>. If data models are developed on a system by system basis, then not only is the same analysis repeated in overlapping areas, but further analysis must be performed to create the interfaces between them. Most systems within an organization contain the same basic data, redeveloped for a specific purpose. Therefore, an efficiently designed basic data model can minimize rework with minimal modifications for the purposes of different systems within the organization<sup id="cite_ref-MW99_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW99-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_methodologies">Modeling methodologies</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></div>

<p>Data models represent information areas of interest. While there are many ways to create data models, according to Len Silverston (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-SIG97_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIG97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only two modeling methodologies stand out, top-down and bottom-up:

</p>

<ul><li>Bottom-up models or View Integration models are often the result of a <a href="Reengineering_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reengineering (software)">reengineering</a> effort. They usually start with existing data structures forms, fields on application screens, or reports. These models are usually physical, application-specific, and incomplete from an <a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">enterprise perspective</a>. They may not promote data sharing, especially if they are built without reference to other parts of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-SIG97_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIG97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Top-down <a href="Logical_data_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical data model">logical data models</a>, on the other hand, are created in an abstract way by getting information from people who know the subject area. A system may not implement all the entities in a logical model, but the model serves as a reference point or template.<sup id="cite_ref-SIG97_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIG97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Sometimes models are created in a mixture of the two methods: by considering the data needs and structure of an application and by consistently referencing a subject-area model. In many environments, the distinction between a logical data model and a physical data model is blurred. In addition, some <a href="Computer-aided_software_engineering" title="Computer-aided software engineering">CASE</a> tools don't make a distinction between logical and <a href="Physical_data_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical data model">physical data models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIG97_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIG97-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entity–relationship_diagrams">Entity–relationship diagrams</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></div>

<p>There are several notations for data modeling. The actual model is frequently called "entity–relationship model", because it depicts data in terms of the entities and relationships described in the <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WBD04_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBD04-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entity–relationship model (ERM) is an abstract conceptual representation of structured data. Entity–relationship modeling is a relational schema <a href="Database_model" title="Database model">database modeling</a> method, used in <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> to produce a type of <a href="Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">conceptual data model</a> (or <a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">semantic data model</a>) of a system, often a <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>, and its requirements in a <a href="Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">top-down</a> fashion.

</p><p>These models are being used in the first stage of <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a> design during the <a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">requirements analysis</a> to describe information needs or the type of <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> that is to be stored in a <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>. The <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data modeling</a> technique can be used to describe any <a href="Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a> (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain <a href="Domain_of_discourse" title="Domain of discourse">universe of discourse</a> i.e. the area of interest.

</p><p>Several techniques have been developed for the design of data models. While these methodologies guide data modelers in their work, two different people using the same methodology will often come up with very different results. Most notable are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bachman_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachman diagram">Bachman diagrams</a></li>

<li><a href="Barker's_notation" title="Barker's notation">Barker's notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Chen's notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Vault_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Vault Modeling">Data Vault Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Extended Backus–Naur form">Extended Backus–Naur form</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-relational_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-relational mapping">Object-relational mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-Role_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-Role Modeling">Object-Role Modeling</a> and <a href="FCO-IM" title="FCO-IM">Fully Communication Oriented Information Modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational Model">Relational Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_Model/Tasmania" title="Relational Model/Tasmania">Relational Model/Tasmania</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_data_modeling">Generic data modeling</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Generic_data_model" title="Generic data model">Generic data model</a></div>

<p>Generic data models are generalizations of conventional <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data models</a>. They define standardized general relation types, together with the kinds of things that may be related by such a relation type.

The definition of the generic data model is similar to the definition of a natural language. For example, a generic data model may define relation types such as a 'classification relation', being a <a href="Binary_relation" title="Binary relation">binary relation</a> between an individual thing and a kind of thing (a class) and a 'part-whole relation', being a binary relation between two things, one with the role of part, the other with the role of whole, regardless the kind of things that are related.

</p><p>Given an extensible list of classes, this allows the classification of any individual thing and to specification of part-whole relations for any individual object. By standardization of an extensible list of relation types, a generic data model enables the expression of an unlimited number of kinds of facts and will approach the capabilities of natural languages. Conventional data models, on the other hand, have a fixed and limited domain scope, because the instantiation (usage) of such a model only allows expressions of kinds of facts that are predefined in the model.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_data_modeling">Semantic data modeling</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">Semantic data model</a></div>

<p>The logical data structure of a DBMS, whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strategy employed by the DBMS. That is unless the semantic data model is implemented in the database on purpose, a choice which may slightly impact performance but generally vastly improves productivity.

</p>

<p>Therefore, the need to define data from a conceptual view has led to the development of <a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">semantic data modeling</a> techniques. That is, techniques to define the meaning of data within the context of its interrelationships with other data. As illustrated in the figure the real world, in terms of resources, ideas, events, etc., is symbolically defined by its description within physical data stores. A semantic data model is an <a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstraction</a> which defines how the stored symbols relate to the real world. Thus, the model must be a true representation of the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-FIPS184_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIPS184-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The purpose of semantic data modeling is to create a structural model of a piece of the real world, called "universe of discourse". For this, three fundamental structural relations are considered:

</p>

<ul><li>Classification/instantiation: Objects with some structural similarity are described as instances of classes</li>

<li>Aggregation/decomposition: Composed objects are obtained by joining their parts</li>

<li>Generalization/specialization: Distinct classes with some common properties are reconsidered in a more generic class with the common attributes</li></ul>

<p>A semantic data model can be used to serve many purposes, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FIPS184_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIPS184-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Planning of data resources</li>

<li>Building of shareable databases</li>

<li>Evaluation of vendor software</li>

<li>Integration of existing databases</li></ul>

<p>The overall goal of semantic data models is to capture more meaning of data by integrating relational concepts with more powerful <a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstraction</a> concepts known from the <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> field. The idea is to provide high-level modeling primitives as integral parts of a data model in order to facilitate the representation of real-world situations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Architectural_pattern" title="Architectural pattern">Architectural pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_data_modeling_tools" title="Comparison of data modeling tools">Comparison of data modeling tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_(computer_science)" title="Data (computer science)">Data (computer science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Document modelling">Document modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_data_modelling" title="Enterprise data modelling">Enterprise data modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity_Data_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity Data Model">Entity Data Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata_modeling" title="Metadata modeling">Metadata modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-schema_approach" title="Three-schema approach">Three-schema approach</a></li>

<li><a href="Zachman_Framework" title="Zachman Framework">Zachman Framework</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;">

<li id="cite_note-MW99-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW99_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew West and Julian Fowler (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/drmatthewwest/publications/princ03.pdf">Developing High Quality Data Models</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909121755/https://d2024367-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/drmatthewwest/publications/princ03.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crjITgBSUdEyb3UlEOS2OxXk3r-iJk0-S4EfbK3PtqCZvEgcZwvpBiF3VGC7M0IMhTWLZoERz8Otd2Tu5Bquzo4NmuOxyeAzvQa0DZlSIea0KlbnoKFHPK9zM3Pg1p7f2b_OcaIv3_J8mkFK8rMoR_UABqsAM_Pa9wd6qHK1by_hBvYNRPKQZpTM4-rqh1D4x68mcRDzADCED8sFixAn4Nezq0zd_hunEOcJ8m7FSTyRa2xnOA%3D&attredirects=0">Archived</a> September 9, 2020, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The European Process Industries STEP Technical Liaison Executive (EPISTLE).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RS001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RS001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simison, Graeme. C. & Witt, Graham. C. (2005). <i>Data Modeling Essentials</i>. 3rd Edition. <a href="Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-644551-6</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/tam/aashto.nsf/All+Documents/4825476B2B5C687285256B1F00544258/$FILE/DIGloss.pdf">Data Integration Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001015/http://knowledge.fhwa.dot.gov/tam/aashto.nsf/All+Documents/4825476B2B5C687285256B1F00544258/%24FILE/DIGloss.pdf">Archived</a> March 20, 2009, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Department of Transportation, August 2001.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-WBD04-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WBD04_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WBD04_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WBD04_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Whitten%2C_Jeffrey_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Whitten, Jeffrey L.">Whitten, Jeffrey L.</a>; <a href="Lonnie_D._Bentley" title="Lonnie D. Bentley">Lonnie D. Bentley</a>, <a href="Kevin_C._Dittman" title="Kevin C. Dittman">Kevin C. Dittman</a>. (2005). <i>Systems Analysis and Design Methods</i>. 6th edition. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-256-19906-X</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American National Standards Institute. 1975. <i>ANSI/X3/SPARC Study Group on Data Base Management Systems; Interim Report</i>. FDT (Bulletin of ACM SIGMOD) 7:2.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SS93-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS93_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS93_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul R. Smith & Richard Sarfaty (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/energycitations/purl.cover.jsp;jsessionid=6192EDBFBAB7DCED13883C55F221221A?purl=/10160331-YhIRrY/">Creating a strategic plan for configuration management using Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools.</a> Paper For 1993 National DOE/Contractors and Facilities CAD/CAE User's Group.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SIG97-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIG97_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIG97_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIG97_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIG97_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Len Silverston, W.H.Inmon, Kent Graziano (2007). <i>The Data Model Resource Book</i>. Wiley, 1997. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-15364-8</bdi>. Reviewed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdan.com/view-book-reviews/5593">Van Scott on tdan.com</a>. Accessed November 1, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FIPS184-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIPS184_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIPS184_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIPS184_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIPS184_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef1x.doc">FIPS Publication 184</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203223034/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/idef1x.doc">Archived</a> December 3, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> released of IDEF1X by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). December 21, 1993.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnon Shabo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=1263&mode=2">Clinical genomics data standards for pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722232240/http://healthit.hhs.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=1263&mode=2">Archived</a> July 22, 2009, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Semantic data modeling" In: <i>Metaclasses and Their Application</i>. Book Series Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Volume Volume 943/1995.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFter_Bekke1991" class="citation thesis cs1">ter Bekke, Johannes Hendrikus (June 4, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scispace.com/pdf/semantic-data-modeling-in-relational-environments-k59h4x8kip.pdf"><i>Semantic Data Modeling in Relational Environments</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Technische Universiteit Delft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250402180443/https://scispace.com/pdf/semantic-data-modeling-in-relational-environments-k59h4x8kip.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 2, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></li>

<li>John Vincent Carlis, Joseph D. Maguire (2001). <i>Mastering Data Modeling: A User-driven Approach</i>.</li>

<li>Alan Chmura, J. Mark Heumann (2005). <i>Logical Data Modeling: What it is and how to Do it</i>.</li>

<li>Martin E. Modell (1992). <i>Data Analysis, Data Modeling, and Classification</i>.</li>

<li>M. Papazoglou, Stefano Spaccapietra, Zahir Tari (2000). <i>Advances in Object-oriented Data Modeling</i>.</li>

<li>G. Lawrence Sanders (1995). <i>Data Modeling</i></li>

<li>Graeme C. Simsion, Graham C. Witt (2005). <i>Data Modeling Essentials'</i></li>

<li>Matthew West (2011) <i>Developing High Quality Data Models</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_modeling" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Data modeling">Data modeling</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiledata.org/essays/agileDataModeling.html">Agile/Evolutionary Data Modeling</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softdevarticles.com/modules/weblinks/viewcat.php?cid=21">Data modeling articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307022237/http://www.softdevarticles.com/modules/weblinks/viewcat.php?cid=21">Archived</a> March 7, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodsandtools.com/archive/archive.php?id=9">Database Modelling in UML</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agiledata.org/essays/dataModeling101.html">Data Modeling 101</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhterbekke.net/SemanticDataModeling.html">Semantic data modeling</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~tdrewry/modeling.htm">System Development, Methodologies and Modeling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307100041/http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~tdrewry/modeling.htm">Archived</a> March 7, 2012, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Notes on by Tony Drewry</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ab/05-12-02">Request For Proposal - Information Management Metamodel (IMM)</a> of the Object Management Group</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625215800/http://www.ipl.com/papers/Data%20modelling%20is%20NOT%20JUST%20for%20DBMS%20part%201.pdf">Data Modeling is NOT just for DBMS's Part 1</a> Chris Bradley</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626144315/http://www.ipl.com/papers/Data%20modelling%20is%20NOT%20JUST%20for%20DBMS%20part%202.pdf">Data Modeling is NOT just for DBMS's Part 2</a> Chris Bradley</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_model52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_model52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_architecture" title="Data architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">Structure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conceptual_schema" title="Conceptual schema">Conceptual </a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_data_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical data model">Logical</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_schema" title="Physical schema">Physical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure_diagram" title="Data structure diagram">Data structure diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a> (<a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">enhanced</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Data_model_(GIS)" title="Data model (GIS)">Geographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Generic_data_model" title="Generic data model">Generic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_data_model" title="Common data model">Common</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data-flow_diagram" title="Data-flow diagram">Data-flow diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93role_modeling" title="Object–role modeling">Object–role modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">Business process modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Core_architecture_data_model" title="Core architecture data model">Core architecture data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_modelling" title="Enterprise modelling">Enterprise modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_modeling" title="Process modeling">Process modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_schema" title="XML schema">XML schema</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_Format_Description_Language" title="Data Format Description Language">Data Format Description Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Data_modeling&oldid=1296358497">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>